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QUALITY INDIA ENGINEERING SERVICES
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NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR CONCRETE.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
An ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is an in-situ, non-destructive test to check the quality of concrete and natural rocks, In this test, the strength and quality of concrete or rock. is assessed by measuring the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a concrete structural or natural rock formation.
Rebound Hammer.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing method of concrete which provide a convenient and rapid indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. The extent of rebound, which is a measure of surface hardness, is measured on a graduated scale.
FerroScan
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Half-Cell Potential Test.
The Ferro Scan Test can be used to determine the current positions and the quantity of reinforcement steel in concrete members, the data of which can be further used to determine the load carrying capacity of the structures.
Half-Cell Potential Test.
Half-Cell Potential Test.
Half-Cell Potential Test.
The Half-Cell Potential Test is a non-destructive test used to determine the extent of rust on the reinforcing steel of a structure using electric currents. The Half-Cell Potential Test conducted by RE complies with the ASTM 876-91 Standard.
Core-Cutting Sample.
Half-Cell Potential Test.
Core-Cutting Sample.
Concrete cores are used for testing of actual properties of concrete in existing structures such as strength, permeability, chemical analysis, carbonation etc. Sampling of concrete cores and testing its strength is describe.
Carbonation Test
Half-Cell Potential Test.
Core-Cutting Sample.
Carbonation of concrete is a process by which carbondioxide from the air penetrates into the concrete and reacts with calcium hydra-oxide to from calcium carbonates. Conversions of Ca(OH)2 into CaCO3 by action of Co2 by itself is not reactive.
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Pile Integrity
Concrete piles and drilled shafts are an important category of foundations. Despite their relatively high cost, they become necessary when we want to transfer the loads of a a heavy superstructure (bridge, high rise building, etc.) to the lower layers of soil. In general, Pile Integrity refers to certain characteristics of deep foundations and piles such as:
- Physical Dimensions of Pile (Length or Cross-Section);
- Continuity of Pile (presence of Voids or Major Cracks); and
- Consistency of the Pile Material.
Static Load Test
The Static Loading Test (SLT) involves the direct measurement of pile head displacement in the response to a physically applied test load. It is the most fundamental form of pile load test and is considered as the bench‐mark of pile performance. Testing has been performed in the load range 10 ton to 2000 ton.
Types of Static Load Tests
The SLT may be carried out for the following load configurations:
• Compression
• Tension (i.e. uplift)
• Latera
For the SLT the load is most commonly applied via a jack acting against a reaction beam, which is restrained by an anchorage system or by jacking up against a reaction mass (“Kentledge” or dead weight). The anchorage system may be in the form of cable anchors or reaction piles installed into the ground to provide tension resistance. The nominated test load is usually applied in a series of increments in accordance with the appropriate Code, or with a pre‐determined load testing specification for a project. Each load increment is sustained for a specified time period, or until the rate of pile movement is less than a nominated value. Static load testing methods are applicable to all pile types, on land or over water, and may be carried out on either Working piles or sacrificial Preliminary piles. Trial piles are specifically constructed for the purpose of carrying out load tests and therefore, are commonly loaded to failure. Testing of working piles however, is limited to prove that a pile will perform satisfactorily at the serviceability or design load, plus an overload to demonstrate that the pile has some (nominated) reserve capacity.
High-strain dynamic load test
Dynamic load test
Dynamic load testing can be an attractive cost effective alternative to traditional full scale static load testing. Instead of costly, time consuming proof loading using kentledge or anchor piles, the technique uses a heavy falling weight such as a piling hammer to impart a short duration impact to the pile head, whilst monitoring the pile response using attached transducers. The test generates data required by the foundation designer to provide assurance on the relative capacity of the foundation and can usually provide additional information that can be difficult to obtain via static load testing.The test is performed by striking the pile head with a piling hammer or other suitable drop weight whilst monitoring pile soil response in terms of pile head force and velocity using specially developed bolt-on reusable transducers. The test may be performed on many pile types. The equipment used to energise the transducers and record their output is rugged and portable and easily accommodated in the back of a small vehicle.
The measured pile head signals are analysed in real time to provide:
• an estimate of the soil resistance mobilised during the test.
• determination of maximum stresses in the pile and shaft integrity.
• measurement of the overall operating efficiency of the hammer and its coupling to the pile head. Additional analysis of each set of dynamic test data can be performed using the CAPWAP or DLTWAVE pile driving simulation computer programs.
These programs uses an iterative solution technique to optimise the parameters defining the soil resistance supporting the pile. This is done by matching forces at the pile head computed using stress wave theory with those actually measured during the test. The programs output many parameters valuable to the experienced piling engineer.
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Can provide information difficult to obtain with static load tests, for example data on skin friction distribution and end bearing components of soil resistance. Can be used to assess pile integrity. Provides check of operating efficiency of driving hammer. Can be used to investigate anomalous driving behaviour. Cost effective and rapid to perform. Up to ten piles may be tested on a day. Causes minimum disruption to piling operations. No kentledge or anchor piles needed. Can be performed on piles installed over water. Piles do not need to be preselected for testing prior to installation.
